The first Baptist was John the Baptist, right? Well…
I know there are some Baptists today who say that. Indeed, some even say Jesus was the first Baptist. Indeed, I grew up in a Baptist church and a private Baptist school — both very conservative — and both drilled into my head that Baptists aren’t “Protestants” and that Baptist beliefs go back to the time of Jesus and the apostles!
The fact is that most Christian churches and denominations believe that their understanding of God and the Bible is consistent with the teachings of Jesus and His apostles. It’s true that many have moved away from fidelity to the Scriptures, but of those believers and churches who have a high view of Scripture, most of them believe they are right — meaning that they are most closely aligned with Jesus and His first-century teachings.
What’s more, it’s a fact that, with the exception of John the Baptist, most early Christians did not self-identify as “Baptist” until many centuries after the time of Christ.
So…what are we make of “Baptists” today? Where did they come from? Are they the correct ones?
This article offers an overview of Baptist beliefs and history. It is not all-inclusive. After all, it’s an article, not a book. (Though it’s a long article). Still, I hope you will find it informative and helpful.
The Foundations of Baptist Thought
Key Beliefs and Doctrines
Baptists are often heralded as “people of the Book,” emphasizing the Bible as the sole authority for faith and practice. This principle, known as Sola Scriptura, asserts that the Bible alone is the ultimate authority, a belief deeply rooted in the traditions of the Protestant Reformation 8.
Based on their understanding of Scripture, Baptists reject infant baptism, advocating that baptism should follow an individual’s confession of faith, a practice supported by texts such as Matthew 28:19. They assert that baptism by immersion is the proper mode, symbolizing the believer’s faith in the crucified, buried, and risen Savior 8.
The autonomy of the local church is a cornerstone of Baptist doctrine. Each congregation is self-governing and independent, free from external authority or control, with believers maintaining that no other ecclesiastical body should interfere in the governance of local churches 8. This congregational model aligns with their belief in the priesthood of all believers, where no hierarchical structure exists between clergy and laity, emphasizing that every Christian has direct access to God 8.
Influence of the Reformation
While core Baptist beliefs can be traced back to the apostolic era, it’s undeniable that the Reformation significantly shaped Baptist thought, particularly through the influence of figures like Martin Luther, who re-emphasized and popularized the principle that salvation is achieved through faith alone, not by works 10. This theological stance laid the groundwork for Baptist beliefs in the authority of Scripture and the nature of salvation, which Baptists later adapted to their context 10. The Reformers’ emphasis on Scripture as the central legitimizing source of Christian faith and doctrine resonated strongly with Baptist theology, leading to a common rejection of papal authority and church tradition 12.
The Calvinism-Arminianism debate also profoundly influenced Baptist identity, especially among Particular Baptists who embraced doctrines such as the election and predestination as unconditional blessings of God’s grace 12. I don’t have time in this article to climb into the weeds on that, but suffice it to say this debate continues to permeate Baptist circles.
Role of Early Leaders
Early Baptist leaders played pivotal roles in the formation and spread of Baptist thought. Figures like John Smyth and Thomas Helwys were instrumental in establishing the first Baptist church in the early 17th century, advocating for religious freedom and believer’s baptism 14. Roger Williams, another key figure, founded the first Baptist church in America, emphasizing separation of church and state and religious liberty, principles that have remained central to Baptist identity 13.
Leaders like Hanserd Knollys and Benjamin Keach contributed to theological education and pastoral care, enriching the Baptist tradition with their scholarly work and commitment to the congregational model 13. Their efforts were complemented by the evangelistic zeal of figures like William Carey, who championed missions and the spread of Baptist principles globally, underscoring the denomination’s commitment to evangelism and the global missionary movement 13.
Through these foundational beliefs, the influence of the Reformation, and the leadership of early figures, Baptist thought has cultivated a unique theological identity characterized by a commitment to Scripture, baptism by immersion after conversion, religious freedom, priesthood of the believer, local church autonomy, and congregational governance, shaping its development and expansion globally.
Challenges and Persecutions
Legal and Social Obstacles
The early Baptists faced significant legal and social challenges that tested their commitment to religious freedoms and doctrinal beliefs. In the British North American colonies, Baptists struggled under legal disabilities, such as the public whipping of Obadiah Holmes in 1651 for his refusal to pay a fine due to holding an unlawful meeting in Lynn, Massachusetts. This event prompted John Clarke to write his influential Ill News from New England in 1652 17. Similarly, the necessity to secure licenses to preach became a contentious issue in Virginia, reflecting the broader struggle for religious expression and the right to gather 17.
Throughout the 17th and early 18th centuries, Baptists, being a religious minority, frequently encountered legal pressure to attend and financially support Congregational and Anglican churches. Many resisted, facing punishments including beatings, imprisonment, and loss of property 18. Despite these persecutions, the number of Baptists grew, particularly during the Great Awakening, which saw many new congregations established, including those formed by newly awakened poor whites and African Americans18.
Important Early Documents
The challenges faced by early Baptists led to the creation of significant documents that articulated their pleas for religious liberty. Isaac Backus, a prominent figure, became a vocal advocate for religious freedom after facing repeated arrests for refusing to pay taxes to the Congregational church. His experiences spurred him to write “An Appeal to the Public for Religious Liberty,” a crucial document in Baptist history 16. This text argued vehemently against the taxation for religious purposes and was a critical voice during the debates leading up to the ratification of the United States Constitution 16.
Thomas Helwys also made substantial contributions with his Mystery of Iniquity, recognized as the first full plea for religious freedom in the English language. Helwys boldly sent a copy to the King of England, which led to his imprisonment and eventual death, marking a significant sacrifice in the fight for religious liberty 23.
Struggles and Resilience
Despite the severe repercussions they faced, early Baptists remained resilient and influential. Their advocacy for religious freedom became a cornerstone of their faith, influencing both religious and political thought in the emerging nations. They demonstrated considerable courage and moral, spiritual, and political clout, often exceeding their limited numbers, governmental power, or economic standing 22.
The resilience of these early Baptists is further exemplified by their persistent efforts to challenge laws favoring established religion. Even after the revival period, which significantly increased their numbers and influence, Baptists continued to advocate for the abolition of laws that enforced religious conformity and supported established churches 18. Their struggles and the documents they produced laid foundational principles that continue to influence Baptist thought and the broader discourse on religious freedom today.
Growth and Expansion in America
Establishing Roots in the New World
The earliest Baptist churches in the English colonies of North America were largely indigenous in origin, developed from the leftward movement among the colonial Puritans at the same time as in England 25. Roger Williams, after his banishment from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, established the first Baptist Church in America at Providence in 1638 25 26. This act of establishing a new church on General Baptist principles in 1652 set the stage for religious freedom and the separation of church and state, a pioneering model that would later influence the entire nation 25 26.
Influential Figures in American Baptist History
Roger Williams and John Clarke were monumental in securing a charter from King Charles II in 1663, guaranteeing religious freedom in Rhode Island, which became a beacon of religious liberty in the New World 27. Their efforts were foundational in establishing a government that fully embraced separation of church and state 27 28. Another significant figure, John Leland, played a crucial role in influencing the framers of the Constitution, ensuring the inclusion of religious freedom in the Bill of Rights 28.
Expanding Influence
The formation of the Philadelphia Baptist Association in 1707 marked a significant development in the organization and spread of Baptist beliefs across America 25. This association, along with others such as the Charleston Association formed in 1751, facilitated vigorous missionary activity and the establishment of new congregations throughout the colonies 25. During the 18th century, the Great Awakening further propelled the growth of Baptist congregations, particularly in the South, where figures like Shubael Stearns led revivals that deeply impacted the region 25. The influence of Baptists was not only limited to religious aspects but also extended to advocating for democratic principles and religious pluralism in the burgeoning nation 31.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, Baptists in America experienced significant growth and transformation, driven by the fervor of the First and Second Great Awakenings. This evangelical revivalism led to the rapid expansion of Baptist churches, particularly in the South.
In 1845, the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) was formed, primarily due to disputes over slavery and mission governance. This new body quickly grew into the largest Baptist denomination in the United States. Originally, the SBC’s formation was deeply intertwined with pro-slavery (and later pro-segregation) ideology, reflecting broader societal norms of the time. However, over the years, the SBC has taken substantial steps to address and repudiate its racist past. Today, it stands as the largest and most influential Baptist denomination in America, having publicly renounced its historical support for slavery and segregation, and it increasingly works towards racial reconciliation and inclusivity within its congregations.
Modern Impact of Baptists
Evangelism and Missions
The Baptist community continues to uphold the Great Commission, emphasizing missions and evangelism as core aspects of their faith. Baptists believe that baptism is not merely a ritual but a profound declaration of faith, deeply embedded in the act of making disciples as commanded in Matthew 28:19 34. This practice is seen as a public testament of faith, particularly impactful in regions where such an act is considered a defiance of traditional beliefs 34. The visual and public nature of baptism serves as a powerful evangelistic tool, often leading to group conversions as communities witness the symbolic act 34.
Furthermore, the Baptist tradition has been instrumental in global missions, characterized by the establishment of numerous missionary societies during the eighteenth century, such as the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts 35. These societies have been pivotal in spreading the Baptist faith and the Christian gospel worldwide, with notable figures like William Carey and Adoniram Judson leading significant missionary endeavors across continents 35.
Cultural and Social Contributions
Baptists have made substantial cultural and social contributions, particularly in advocating for religious freedom and civil rights. The establishment of Baptist churches in diverse regions like Australia, New Zealand, and Canada highlights their role in cultural integration and community building 37. In the United States, the involvement of Baptists in the Civil Rights Movement, notably through leaders like Martin Luther King Jr., underscores their commitment to social justice and equality 37. Of course, sadly, many Baptists (especially in the South) were on the wrong side of that struggle.
The Baptist influence extends into modern social issues, though it is often conflicted — with various Baptists taking different positions and perspectives on matters relating to contemporary societal challenges 38.
Current Trends and Movements
Contemporary Baptist movements are increasingly characterized by their adaptability and responsiveness to modern societal trends. The engagement with younger demographics, such as Millennials and Gen Z, is notable, with these groups showing a robust commitment to the church and its missions, often through digital and innovative approaches 40. This shift is accompanied by a growing emphasis on authenticity and (in some cases) with concerns about social justice (though, again, not all Baptists agree on how that is defined or on what our approach should be).40.
In the 21st century, Baptist movements and denominations in America exhibit diverse approaches to interpreting the Bible, reflecting broader theological and philosophical trends such as modernism, postmodernism, and evangelicalism. Modernist Baptists tend to embrace a more critical and scholarly approach to Scripture, which can lead to more liberal theological conclusions. In contrast, evangelical Baptists typically uphold a high view of biblical inerrancy and authority, emphasizing a literal or plain interpretation of Scripture as a foundation for faith and practice. This group is often associated with conservative theology and morality. Meanwhile, postmodernist influences have led some Baptists to focus on the interpretive community’s role, suggesting that understanding Scripture can vary by context and culture, which sometimes results in more fluid and subjective interpretations.
These differing approaches have led to significant diversity within the Baptist tradition in America, with each group advocating for its perspective on biblical fidelity and authority, impacting everything from worship styles to social engagement and doctrinal stances.
Additionally, the global Baptist community is witnessing a shift in missionary dynamics, with a significant contribution from countries like Brazil, China, and South Korea. This reflects a move towards a more global and collaborative missionary effort, often termed as “from the rest to the West,” highlighting the changing face of global Christianity 42.
Through these efforts in evangelism, cultural engagement, and modern adaptations, Baptists continue to make a significant impact on both a global and local scale, demonstrating the enduring relevance and dynamism of their faith in contemporary society.
Why Baptist History Matters Today
Lessons from History
The highlights of Baptist history in this article are not exhaustive 43. The history of Baptists is marked by critical doctrinal beliefs, such as the emphasis on believers’ baptism which set them apart from other religious groups in the 17th century. This distinct practice led to the development of key Baptist principles like congregational polity and religious liberty, which have had profound implications not only for Baptists but for the Western world at large 43.
Continuing Influence on Modern Christianity
The doctrine of religious liberty, a cornerstone of Baptist belief, continues to influence modern Christian thought and practice. This principle, rooted in the early Baptist struggles for freedom of belief, has become vital in contemporary discussions on faith and governance 43.
There are differences today between Baptists on how much influence Christians should play in the public square. Some believe that Christians in general, and Baptists in particular, should play a larger, more influential role in public life in order to insure that the United States reflect (at least) Judeo-Christian principles, if not exclusively Christian principles. Others believe that playing in the public policy sandbox breaches the wall of separation of church and state and can lead to disastrous consequences in the future.
Baptists also find themselves today struggling with how to balance doctrinal priorities and maintaining unity in the face of an increasingly polarized age.
Future of Baptist Belief and Practice
Looking forward, the interaction between Baptist theology and missiology is expected to increase, reflecting a growing global perspective within the denomination 49. Questions about the interpretation of biblical texts in contemporary contexts and the role of Baptists in interdenominational unity are likely to shape the future discourse within Baptist communities 49. As Baptists continue to engage with these theological and practical issues, their historical commitment to scriptural authority and individual conscience will remain crucial in navigating the evolving landscape of global Christianity 49.
Final Thoughts
Speaking for myself, while I affirm individual freedom of conscience as a necessary means for civil and peaceful coexistence in a diverse world, I nevertheless hold to the authority of Scripture and the historical-grammatical approach to understanding the passages of Scripture. I reject postmodernism as well as modernist skepticism toward the Bible.
I consider myself theologically conservative, and make no apologies for that.
I also identify as a Christian more so than as a Baptist.
There are many Baptist denominations, churches, and leaders out there. I can’t take responsibility for all of them, nor do I wish my focus to be removed from the One who deserves my focus.
Whether you identify as a Baptist or not is nowhere near as important as whether you identify with Christ. He is more important than any figure in Baptist history.
I appreciate and respect Baptist history and my personal Baptist heritage, but I am a follower of Jesus. He is my Lord and the basis of my ultimate identity.
References
Please note that these links are provided as information, and should not be considered as an endorsement.
[1] – https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baptist
[2] – https://www.missouristate.edu/Reformations/Baptist.htm
[3] – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists
[4] – https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baptist
[5] – https://www.missouristate.edu/Reformations/Baptist.htm
[6] – https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baptist/History
[7] – https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baptist/Teachings
[8] – https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/essay/baptist-theology/
[9] – https://www.kake.com/story/49056878/baptist-church-beliefs-everything-you-need-to-know
[10] – https://medium.com/christian-citizen/how-do-luthers-actions-affect-baptists-c698599534e3
[11] – https://www.baptistmessenger.com/southern-baptists-reflect-on-the-protestant-reformation-as-500th-anniversary-approaches/
[12] – https://founders.org/library2/from-the-protestant-reformation-to-the-southern-baptist-convention-what-hath-geneva-to-do-with-nashville/
[13] – https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/gallery-of-baptists
[14] – http://www.centerforbaptiststudies.org/resources/heritageseries/influential.htm
[15] – https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baptist/History
[16] – https://baptistbulletin.org/the-baptist-bulletin-magazine/baptists-and-politics-through-the-years/
[17] – https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baptist
[18] – https://abhms.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Deliver-Us-From-Evil-booklet.pdf
[19] – https://www.nobts.edu/baptist-center-theology/historical-documents.html
[20] – https://www.logos.com/product/198319/readings-in-baptist-history-four-centuries-of-selected-documents
[21] – https://www.amazon.com/Readings-Baptist-History-Centuries-Documents/dp/0805446745
[22] – https://www.fbcdecatur.com/blogs/vital-baptist-history-part-3
[23] – http://www.centerforbaptiststudies.org/pamphlets/style/turningpoints.htm
[24] – https://carolyncustisjames.com/2018/08/20/trauma-resilience-and-the-church/
[25] – https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baptist
[26] – https://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/22329
[27] – https://www.missouristate.edu/Reformations/Baptist.htm
[28] – https://www.abc-usa.org/what-we-believe/our-history/
[29] – http://www.centerforbaptiststudies.org/resources/heritageseries/influential.htm
[30] – https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/gallery-of-baptists
[31] – https://wordandway.org/2008/01/14/baptist-influence-on-history-of-u-s-world-a-mixed-bag-historians-say/
[32] – https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/1940
[33] – https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA476679779&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00055719&p=AONE&sw=w
[34] – https://founders.org/articles/why-do-baptist-missions/
[35] – https://www.ligonier.org/guides/evangelism-and-missions
[36] – https://baptistworld.org/mission-and-evangelism/
[37] – https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baptist
[38] – https://www.abc-usa.org/10facts/
[39] – https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/trevin-wax/southern-baptists-and-conventional-and-cosmopolitan-cultures/
[40] – https://careynieuwhof.com/church-trends-2024/
[41] – https://fullerstudio.fuller.edu/trends-baptist-spirituality/
[42] – https://www.ubahouston.org/blog/2018/5/22/three-trends-in-missions-today-that-excite-me
[43] – https://www.proclaimanddefend.org/2019/08/20/lessons-from-a-baptist-timeline/
[44] – https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA468140925&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00055719&p=AONE&sw=w
[45] – https://founders.org/articles/eight-reasons-to-study-baptist-history/
[46] – https://www.campbellsville.edu/blog/future-baptist-theology-look-past/
[47] – https://www.desiringgod.org/interviews/what-is-a-baptist
[48] – https://www.blacksheepbaptist.com/blog/2017/12/20/4jfeoua2alyblesu7ebhjqnzttqeg6
[49] – https://www.campbellsville.edu/blog/future-baptist-theology-look-past/
[50] – https://www.saintpj.com/p/the-history-and-future-of-baptist
[51] – https://www.nobts.edu/baptist-center-theology/confessions/Is_There_A_Future.pdf
[52] – https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baptist
[53] – https://www.lffellowship.com/blog/2020/7/15/a-brief-baptist-history
[54] – https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baptist/History
[55] – https://pemptousia.com/2016/09/from-first-baptist-to-the-first-century-a-spiritual-journey/
[56] – https://www.baptistdistinctives.org/the-baptist-story-a-summary/
[57] – https://www.mbu.edu/seminary/the-landmark-controversy/
Disclaimer: Much research and some editorial assistance provided by AI.
As one who for many years has had a keen interest in Baptist history, I enthusiastically applaud what you have written here. I have read a great deal of that history and have participated in some of it. You have made a significant contribution to Baptist literature. It should be widely published.